Pathophysiology Research-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Research each of the following diseases for the Pathophysiology Risk factor Sign symptoms Physical assessment findings Nursing interventions Diagnostic test Teaching Patient information Answer: Pathophysiology Research 1.Pathophysiology Hypertension is the persistent elevation of the Blood Pressure (HP), which at the end causes damage to organs leading to morbidity and mortality. HP is the creation of a regular vascular resistance and cardiac output. In this case, individuals with hypertension can have an increase in vascular resistance, increase in cardiac output or both (Savoia Touyz, 2017). Risk factor The risk factor of hypertension include Family history Being obese or overweight Age Consuming too much sodium Using tobacco Excessive alcohol consumption Sign symptoms Confusion or fatigue Chest pain Irregular heartbeat Difficult breathing Severe headache Vision problems Physical assessment findings The physical assessment for hypertension include taking of blood pressure readings, measurement of the patients waist, height and weight, the check of the retina, heart examination, assessment of the legs for edema and pulse, and the assessment of the abdomen using stethoscope to check for abnormal sounds (abdominal bruits) (Spiegelman, Forman Missmer, 2017). Nursing interventions The first intervention is to monitor and assess BP. It is important to know the level of the BP in order to determine the mode of treatment. Second, cardiac assessment, this is important to detect any abnormalities like murmurs, which can be presented without the patient exhibiting any symptoms. The third intervention is to promote rest, this is important to avoid blood pressure from rising. Diagnostic test HP is measured using a sphygmomanometer. The sphygmomanometer has two readings, which are taken in (mmHg) . The first, which is the upper number measures the pressure of blood in the arteries when the heart beats and the second reading, which is the lower reading measures the pressure in the arteries amid the beats. Teaching Change of lifestyle can help contain and prevent HP. This means that, despite taking HP medication it is important to eat healthy and exercising more. Patient information Patients should keep a healthy weight or lose weight as it can help control high blood pressure. Cellulitis Pathophysiology Cellulitis is a breach on the skin like a cut, fissure, insect bite, or wound. Also, the breach can be due to bacteria, which invade the skin and gain entry to the dermis where they multiply causing cellutis. The major cases of this condition is by Streptococcus pyogenes (Holy, Kovar, Fundova Astl, 2016). Risk factor Injury Condition of skin Obesity Weak immune system Sign symptoms Tenderness and pain in affected area Inflammation and redness of skin Fever Physical assessment findings The physical assessment focuses on the affected area. The assessment involves the physician checking for warmth, swelling, pain, and erythema. In addition, the physician will conduct wound culture to identify the pathogens and sternness of the infection before determining the nature of treatment (Oppegaard, Kittang, Langeland Skrede, 2016). Nursing interventions The treatment of this condition depends on the antibiotic routine. In this case, the nurse will clean the wound, dress the wound, and design a care plan to prevent further complications. Diagnostic test The color of the skin will be used by the healthcare provider to come up with a diagnosis. in other cases, the healthcare provider can conduct a wound culture or blood tests to determine the cause of the infection Teaching Patients should control their weight, ensure proper control of glycaemia, and avoid any form of injury to the skin. Patient Information All cases of Cellulitis require immediate medical attention and after beginning treatment, it is important for the patient to come back to the hospital if the condition worsens or the antibiotics fail. Pneumonia Pathophysiology Pneumonia is developed when pathogens get their way to the alveoli. This happens when the host defense are beset by microorganisms. The microorganisms are sinusitis, nasal carriers, and tracheal or gastric colonization (Warren, Shioda, Krm Weinberger, 2017). Risk Factor Smoking cigarettes Viral respiratory infections Lung disease Cerebral palsy Weak immune system. Signs and Symptoms Cough Fever Chills Shortness of breath Chest pain Headache Physical assessment findings The physical examination involves the doctor checking the heart rate, the body temperature, breathing, chest pains, and the oxygen levels, this checks are very important for the assessment of suspected pneumonia cases. Nursing interventions First, it is important to provide the patient with soft foods rich in proteins and high calories. Second, the patients ABG levels should be monitored if they are hypoxic. Finally, the patients should be provided with proper medication to ease the symptoms. Diagnostic test Pneumonia is diagnosed through an X- ray, which is done to check k any changes or abnormalities in the lungs . at times, X- rays do not show the infection. However, they are done to identify the organism causing pneumonia (fungal, viral, or bacteria). Teaching If you present the above mentioned symptoms, it is good to visit the hospital for examination as pneumonia can be life threatening. If diagnosed with pneumonia, it is advisable to start taking the medication to clear the infection (Lee, Husain Strek, 2017). Patient Information In cases where the infection is not severe, treatment can be done from home but in extreme cases, hospitalization is necessary. In addition, it is important to take paracetamol to reduce the fever. If the symptoms persist after three days, visit the doctor to check you again. COPD Pathophysiology COPD is an intricate syndrome which comprises of the mucociliary dysfunction, airway inflammation, and changes in the structure of the airway. This condition is cause by an exposure to irritants like tobacco smoke (Apps, Mukherjee, Ateli, 2016). Risk factor Smoking Air pollution Inhaling of Chemicals and dust Genetics Age Sign symptoms Chest tightness Whistling or wheezing when breathing Ongoing cough Cold and many other infections like influenza Physical assessment findings The doctor will conduct a spirometric test to check inappropriateness in breathing, unusual cough, unusual or frequent sputum production, relapse of bronchitis. These physical assessments are important in the diagnostic accuracy. Nursing interventions The first nursing intervention is to provide the patient with medications, which include mucolytic agents, broncodilators, and antibiotics. Antibiotics should be administered on identifying the initial signs like excessive sputum production. Also, the patient should be provide with vaccines to prevent pneumonia and influenza (Pierce, Warner, Croghan, Hoth, 2016) Diagnostic test In diagnosing COPD, the doctor will assess the symptoms, discuss the patients medical and family history, and inquire on any exposure to lung irritant like cigarette smoke. Further, the doctor will conduct tests like X-rays and CT scan to further assess the condition. Teaching One of the primary way to prevent COPD is to avoid exposure to substances that irritate the lungs like tobacco smoke, air pollution, and perfumes. For smokers, it is important to join a support program to help quit smoking. Patient information The first vital step is to stop smoking in order to prevent further complications and progression of the condition. In addition, it is important to follow medication as prescribed by the doctor. CHF Pathophysiology CHF is a syndrome caused by a number of abnormalities like volume and pressure load, muscle disease, loss of muscle or excessive demands like high output failure. In the case of heart failure, the heart muscles reduce contractility leading to a significant reduction on cardiac output (Norhammar, Johansson, Thrainsdottir Rydn, 2017) Risk Factor Hypertension Diabetes Coronary artery disease Obesity Severe emphysema Hyperthyroidism Valvular heart disease Sign symptoms Dyspnea Weakness and fatigue Edema Irregular or rapid heartbeat Persistent cough Sudden gain in weight Nausea and lack of appetite Chest pain Shortness of breath Physical assessment findings Patients who have mild CHF do not exhibit any symptoms of distress but get dyspneic immediately after an activity. Those who have a LV failure experience dyspneic when lying down while those with severe CHF are anxious and show signs of hunger . Nursing interventions The doctor should administer morphine to reduce pain, preload, venous return, and anxiety Diagnostic test The doctor uses the stethoscope to determine unusual or abnormal sounds as the heart beats, which will indicate a narrowed or leaky valve and to check on whether there are any fluids accumulated in the lungs. Teaching In case of any emergency, it is important for the family to call for emergency medical attention in case the patient is at home. Patient information Patient should be educated to identify the signs and symptoms that require immediate medical attention like shortness of breath (Patel, Brown, Ives Stein, 2017) Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2 Pathophysiology Diabetes is a metabolic disorder linked to an increased in macrovascular and microvascular illnesses. The disorder is caused when the immune system destroys the insulin beta cells of th pancreas (Talton, Divers, Davis Lawrence, 2016). Risk Factor Genetics Age Family history Lifestyle Signs and symptoms Tiredness and fatigue Blurred vision Thirst Yeast infection Increased urination Physical assessment findings The doctor will check the eyes (the response of the pupil to light), thyroid gland, and blood pressure. Nursing interventions First, the doctor will administer insulin as prescribed. Second, the doctor will treat hypoglycemic reactions, and finally, assist the patient come up with coping strategies. Diagnostic test Diagnosis of diabetes involves blood tests to determine the blood sugar levels. They measure the pct of blood sugar attached to the protein carrying oxygen. Teaching The patients should be given the reasons to the symptoms including the causes of diabetes. Patient Information The patients should be educated on the signs and symptoms of diabetes and how to deal with them. They should also be advised not to omit insulin (Hempler, Mauricio Bruckner, 2016) References Apps, M., Mukherjee,... Ateli, L. 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